Comparison between Hinduism and Buddhism Assignment

Examination among Hinduism and Buddhism - Assignment Example The religion is accepted to be ageless, as the elderly folks individuals discovered it by and by. Hindus put stock in one Supreme Being as per their customs is both natural and otherworldly. As indicated by the Hindu strict convictions, the Supreme Being is both their maker and is of Unmanifest reality who merits their regard (Rinehart, 2004). The Hindus have confidence in the godlikeness of the four Vedas, which are the most seasoned and most old components of sacred text on the planet. Further, they revere the Agamas as uncovered in an equivalent measure. They treat these as early stage songs of God which frames the bedrock of Santana Dharma, a type of an unceasing religion. As per the Hindu convictions, the spirit resurrects, advancing through numerous convictions. In any case, the resurrection pattern stops after the goals everything being equal. They additionally have confidence in moksha, which is the freedom from the resurrection cycle that happens after the finish of the rebi rth procedure. Since the procedure is nonstop and transformative in each spirit, not a solitary soul can be precluded from claiming its fate (Fisher, 2014). In Hindu, an individual’s individual profound practice is alluded to as sadhana which is utilized to allude to the methods for achieving singular objectives. It perceives adhikara, which implies that each individual holds a remarkable situation in life that is not the same as that of others. Consequently, God exists in various structures, which gives individuals the opportunity to feel pulled in to one God and leave the rest. Thus, there are various types of yoga, much the same as there are various types of God, which are not like each other. Along these lines, the Hindu otherworldly practice fluctuates starting with one individual then onto the next.

Critical Business Ethics In Global Workplace Human Relations Coursework - 1

Basic Business Ethics In Global Workplace Human Relations - Coursework Example d create moral standards and rules for their representatives, where morals include the norms on what is correct and what's up direct (Renz 2010). In any case, in the worldwide setting it is progressively intricate to choose what is acceptable or what awful direct is. In reality, it is a firm’s social obligation that comes into banter at this crossroads. Over the previous decade, there have been various thoughts introduced about the fitting method of moral lead in worldwide business firms in a worldwide setting. Gigantic enthusiasm for themes, for example, inappropriate treatment of laborers, flawed items that lead to shopper peril or bother harm to nature, just as moral direct issues among nations, associations, and people. Notwithstanding, the uplifted affectability in the issue and the expanding worldwide rivalry has made a remarkable troublesome administration circumstance for firms everywhere throughout the globe. Then again, comprehensively dynamic firms, presently like never before, must devise techniques that will guarantee their organizations’ are not in the crossfire emerging from the expanding center around moral lead. Furthermore, firms must create techniques that complete extra expenses emerging because of execution of worldwide moral principles. The reason for this paper is to examine in detail the moral conduct of firms, particularly those that are dynamic internationally. The paper unfurls as three segments: First, prologue to the issue close by. Afterward, a conversation of the different moral systems according to the Credit Suisse case. In the third and last area, an end and individual remarks with respect to the issues talked about. Morals can be characterized essentially as the core values that help us figure out what is correct and what's going on. These core values are the parameters by which the business associations work. Moral conduct infers that people carry on in the way worthy by the association and society all in all (Bopp and Smith

Credit Checks 101 the What, the When, and the Why - OppLoans

Credit Checks 101 the What, the When, and the Why - OppLoans Credit Checks 101: the What, the When, and the Why Credit Checks 101: the What, the When, and the WhyNot all credit checks are the same. Heres a rundown of how they can work both for and against you.If you have ever applied for a loan, there is a good chance you may have undergone a credit check. Or maybe you have never had a first-person experience with credit checks but are concerned that you will one day.No matter how you reached this article, you are here to learn why credit checks exist and how they workâ€"maybe even what they taste like.OK, so maybe not what they taste like. But we will be talking about everything else. Welcome to your Introduction to Credit Checks class.What is a credit check?A credit check is a review of your credit report, which can be compiled and made available by any of the three major credit bureaus. Your credit report contains information about your payment history, the current amounts you owe, employment status, and other financial and personal information.“A credit check reveals your financial histo ry and plays a role in making a decision about you,” Patrick Barnett of The Income Spot explained. “It demonstrates your financial habits and the risk you present. The information contained within the report will indicate payment history, total outstanding debt, total open accounts, and types of accounts. It discloses public records such as tax liens, bankruptcy, foreclosures, and civil judgments.”The information on a credit report can fluctuate over time, but remember that negative credit information will stick around for a while. Negative credit information can remain on your credit report for 7 years, while bankruptcy can linger for up to 10 years.Types of Credit ChecksThere are two kinds of credit checks. Hard credit checks and soft credit checks.Soft credit checks are often used by companies looking to make you a “preapproved” offer. They do not show up on your credit report and thus, do not affect your credit score. An entity performing a soft credit check does not r equire your permission to do so.Hard credit checks are essentially the opposite of soft credit checks in nearly every way. They don’t require your permission and will appear on your credit report. That means you do not want to allow too many hard credit checks in a row or else your credit score will take a hit.Why do credit checks occur?Credit checks tend to be performed by lenders when considering the likelihood of a potential borrower or applicant to pay back a loan, but it is far from the only occasion.“If someone wants to run a credit check on you, its likely because they need to make a decision on your character,” said Nathan Wade, managing editor for WealthFit Investing. “Landlords, lenders, and employers all might ask for it. If youre trying to pull out a loan, then the lender wants to ensure you have a good financial history before approving you for that loan.”However, as noted above, lenders aren’t the only decision-makers who can run a credit check on you. “S ome employers also run a credit check to ensure you as an individual have financial responsibility and stability,” Wade said. “Landlords want to ensure you have the financial ability to afford the listed rent and that you dont have a bad history paying off bills.”You might also face credit checks from insurance companies, court orders, and utility companies.Can you avoid credit checks?Theoretically, avoiding hard credit checks is easy. Because you cannot be subject to a hard credit check without explicit agreement, you could avoid every hard credit check by just never agreeing to one.Once you move beyond theory, it becomes a lot more difficult to avoid hard credit checks. Unless you are able to pay for everythingâ€"from rent to a carâ€"in cash, then you are probably going to have to face a hard credit check at some point.The best you can do is to prepare for the credit checks you will have to face. That means either building or improving your credit history and paying down you r debts to the best of your abilities.Build up your credibilityProper credit card use is one of the most reliable ways to build up your credit history. Even if you cannot qualify for a traditional credit card, you should be able to get a secured credit card. By never spending more than one-third of your credit limit and paying off your bill in full each month, you should be able to make a positive impact on your credit. It is also important to create a budget that will allow you to pay down your debts if you want to see an improvement on your credit report.Finally, you are entitled to a free copy of your credit report annually and in some other circumstances. Seeing your credit report will let you know in advance what others will see after performing a credit check and allow you to know exactly what will happen if you agree to it. You should also check your credit report for any errors and report them to the proper agency.Credit checks are likely going to be a part of your financial life. Hopefully this article has helped you prepare for them.ContributorsPatrick Barnett has a passion for entrepreneurialism that traces back to his days as a teenager. He is always learning and seeking out ways to refine his skills. Through his blog, he offers advice and training â€" from niche research to case studies of successful small business entrepreneurs. He is also a licensed private investigator and runs a background check website.Nathan Wade  is a licensed attorney for the State of Hawaii and the U.S. District Court of Hawaii. He holds a law degree with a focus in business and has extensive experience in entrepreneurship and international business. He is also a Managing Editor for  WealthFit Investing, a financial education blog dedicated to curating advice on investing, entrepreneurship and money.

A poultry firm and concepts of costing, budgeting, budgetary targets - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1621 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction Cost can be defined as the amount of resources, usually measures in monetary terms, sacrificed to achieve particular objective (McLaney Atrill, 2008:281). This report will consider a specific poultry firm to analyse the concepts of costing, budgeting, budgetary targets and provide implementation details and recommendations based on the analysis. The analysis, implementation and recommendations of costing and budgeting would be done on the basis of the learning in this course and my previous work experience. Costing There are different types of costs associated with a manufacturing firm. Fixed cost is the company spending which is autonomous on the amount of operations. Variable cost changes according to the capacity of production. Moreover, product cost is the cost involved in producing or purchasing a product. Period cost is non- manufacturing cost which is not included in the cost of purchase or production. Furthermore, traditional cost accounting has been one main, widely-used approach to costing both internally and externally. This general ledger (GL) system performs as the firms indicator measuring the healthiness and prosperity of the whole company. The conventional GL methodology can only recapitulate the firms everyday expenditure as per the individual account details (for example labor, material) (Narong 2009).Any expenditure and overheads are not linked to any exact activity or procedures. This shows that the firm lacks the aptitude to assess the inner competence, excellence and prosperity per product. Activity based costing (ABC) is the appropriate entirety value management solution that can increase these deficiencies. The activity based costing approach records, recapitulate and hearsays the expenses into the costs of behavior or procedure and ultimately related to each manufactured goods and clients. Unlike traditional accounting reports that make managers react to by being happy or sad, activity based costing data makes them smarter (Narong 2009). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A poultry firm and concepts of costing, budgeting, budgetary targets" essay for you Create order Overview of the firm KPC farm is a hen and egg production firm. The fixed costs for KPC farm are rent, insurance, interest, real-estate taxes, wage and salaries and maintenance costs. The variable costs for KPC farm are labor, electricity, transportation. Furthermore, vaccination, food, crops cost, direct labour (assembly line workers), manufacturing overhead (indirect material and indirect labour, depreciation on plant and machinery, and utilities) are the product costs at KPC farm. Marketing costs (depreciation of delivery van, advertisement, sales commission and cold storage) and administrative costs (depreciation of land and building, management costs like salaries and travel) are period costs. Capital Investment Cost Straight line Depreciation (Yrs) Land  £ 450,000.00 N.a No salvage value Buildings  £ 200,000.00 25 No salvage value Equipment  £ 100,000.00 12 No salvage value Farm machinery  £ 13,000.00 10 10% salvage value Car  £ 4,000.00 5 7% salvage value Total Investment cost  £ Working Capital Hens No of hens x price per bird Vaccination No of hens x vaccination cost Food Price of food for first three months Crops cost Production costs per bale x no of bales produced Capital Value Weight Equity @ 18%  £ 357,000.00 Debt @12.5% (interest included in total)  £ 467,320.00 Total Capital  £ Bank Loan Agreement to be repaid over 5 yrs Yr 1  £75,000 Yr 2  £75,000 Yr 3  £100,000 Yr 4  £100,000 Yr 5  £117,320 New car cash purchase in Yr 5  £ 20,000.00 Depreciate over 10 years Planning cost  £ 5,000.00 Operating cost No of hens 9000 Cost per hen  £ 3.00 Weekly food consumption per 1000 hens 0.167 Per KG Price per KG  £ 0.28  £ 0.36 Vaccination per hen  £ 1.00 Salaries and wages Farm manager  £ 500.00 Per week Casual labour  £ 60.00 Per week Insurance  £ 3,000.00 Per Year Utilities  £ 350.00 Per month Fuel  £ 200.00 Per month Hen waste removal  £ 1,600.00 Per year Technical Information Life cycle of Hen 52 Weeks No. Of Acres 25 Production capacity first 6 weeks 75% 4.5 Effective from week 7 to week 52 90% 41.4 Average weight effective rate 88% Mortality rate 2.5% Daily Egg production per hen 1 Resale price per hen in 52 weeks  £ 0.50 Note: The effective rate takes in consideration waste and damage Extra revenues items: Revenue from cropping the land 1 crop per year (Silage) 12 Bales per acre Production cost per bale  £ 10.00 Selling price per bale  £ 22.00 Note: The government has an ambitious plans to shift from battery based egg farms to free range egg farms in 4 years time, this means that the growth rate in price will begin to decline by 4% from year 5 onwards. Price per dozen Growth rate 2% per yr  £1.15 Tax Rate 35% Inflation rate to be applied to costs and revenues excluding egg prices 3% Design of appropriate costing system for KPC farm The ABC systems focus on the accurate cost assignment of overheads to products. In the cost assignment view, the assignment of costs through ABC occurs in two stages: cost objects (i.e., products or services) consume activities, activities consume resource costs. In practice, this means that resource costs are assigned to various activity centers by using resource drivers in the first stage. An activity center is composed of a group of related activities, usually defined by function or process. The group of resource drivers is the factor chosen to estimate the consumption of resources by the activities in the activity centers. Every type of resource assigned to an activity center becomes a cost element in an activity cost pool. And, in the second stage, each activity cost is distributed to cost objects by using a suitable activity driver to measure the consumption of activities by products or services (Turney, 1992). Then, the total cost can be calculated by adding the various acti vities costs to a specific product or service. And the total cost divided by the quantity of the product can acquire the unit cost of product. In our case, the inn provides three products, lodging, hot spring use and meal serving. We define five activity centers, namely the cleaning center, the customer service center, the reception center, the cooking and foodservice center and the management center. Each activity center is composed of related activities, clustered by their function. activity based costing. Figure 1 shows the proposed costing system for optimal performance of KPC farm. Adapted from Tsai and Hsu 2008 Budgeting The simplified Original and flexed budget for KPC farm are as follows, Original Budget Flexed Budget Egg Hen Egg Hen Output units 230000 8000 241637 8775 Sales Revenue 253000 4000 265800 4387.5 Raw material 59000 1000 61985 1096 Labour 27000 1000 28366 1096 Fixed Overheads 8000 600 8404 658 Operating Profit 159000 1400 167045 1537.5 Actual Sales Quantity Price Eggs Unit sold (dozen) 241637  £ 1.15  £ 277,882.57 Hens Unit 8775  £ 0.50  £ 4,387.50 Total  £ 282,270.07 Crops per bale 300  £ 22.00  £ 6,600.00 Total sales  £ 288,870.07 Growth rate of egg price 2% Declining rate 4% Revenue Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Revenues from eggs  £ 277,882.57  £ 283,440.22  £ 289,109.03  £ 294,891.21  £ 283,095.56  £ 271,771.74  £ 277,882.57 Revenues from hens  £ 4,387.50  £ 4,387.50  £ 4,387.50  £ 4,387.50  £ 4,387.50  £ 4,387.50  £ 4,387.50 Revenues from crops  £ 6,600.00  £ 6,600.00  £ 6,600.00  £ 6,600.00  £ 6,600.00  £ 6,600.00  £ 6,600.00 Total revenues  £ 288,870.07  £ 294,427.72  £ 300,096.53  £ 305,878.71  £ 294,083.06  £ 282,759.24  £ 288,870.07 COGS Hens  £ 27,000.00  £ 27,810.00  £ 28,644.30  £ 29,503.63  £ 30,388.74  £ 31,300.40  £ 32,239.41 Vaccination  £ 9,000.00  £ 9,270.00  £ 9,548.10  £ 9,834.54  £ 10,129.58  £ 10,433.47  £ 10,746.47 Food  £ 21,840.0  £ 22,495.2  £ 23,170.1  £ 23,865.2  £ 24,581.1  £ 25,318.5  £ 26,078.1 Hen waste removal  £ 1,600.00  £ 1,648.00  £ 1,697.44  £ 1,748.36  £ 1,800.81  £ 1,854.84  £ 1,910.48 Crops cost  £ 3,000.00  £ 3,090.00  £ 3,182.70  £ 3,278.18  £ 3,376.53  £ 3,477.82  £ 3,582.16 Total COGS  £ 62,440.0  £ 64,313.2  £ 66,242.6  £ 68,229.9  £ 70,276.8  £ 72,385.1  £ 74,556.6 Gross Profit  £ 226,430.1  £ 230,114.5  £ 233,853.9  £ 237,648.8  £ 223,806.3  £ 210,374.2  £ 214,313.4 Gross Profit Margine 78.4% 78.2% 77.9% 77.7% 76.1% 74.4% 74.2% GAdmin Salaries and wages  £29,120.0  £ 29,993.60  £ 30,893.41  £ 31,820.21  £ 32,774.82  £ 33,758.06  £ 34,770.80 Insurance  £ 3,000.00  £ 3,090.00  £ 3,182.70  £ 3,278.18  £ 3,376.53  £ 3,477.82  £ 3,582.16 Utilities  £ 4,200.00  £ 4,326.00  £ 4,455.78  £ 4,589.45  £ 4,727.14  £ 4,868.95  £ 5,015.02 Fuel  £ 2,400.00  £ 2,472.00  £ 2,546.16  £ 2,622.54  £ 2,701.22  £ 2,782.26  £ 2,865.73 Others  £ 5,000.00 Total GAdmin  £43,720.0  £39,881.6  £41,078.0  £42,310.4  £43,579.7  £44,887.1  £46,233.7 Operating Profit  £ 182,710.07  £ 190,232.92  £ 192,775.88  £ 195,338.45  £ 180,226.59  £ 165,487.07  £ 168,079.74 % of OP 63.25% 64.61% 64.24% 63.86% 61.28% 58.53% 58.19% Analysis on activity based costing and budgeting and evaluation of corrective action According to the survey by Stratton et.al (2009), managers consider that precise overhead allotment and action price data is missing in non- activity based costing methods, while activity based costing methods deal with these requirements. activity based costing methods improve top management anxiety regarding the accuracy of cost allocations, the cause-effect rapport between share and capital consumption, the relevance of cost/profit in sequence, and the ability to inform the arrangements. The considerable gap between present usage charges of activity based costing methods and their attractiveness in perfect systems may foretell amplified usage. Specifically, activity based costing methods provide greater hold up for financial, operational, and strategic decisions. activity based costing methods are better integrated into budget and planning processes. activity based costing methods support strategic product/customer emphasis verdict better than non- activity based costing meth ods. Thus activity based costing methods do indeed provide significant value to managers and the use of activity based costing provides companies with superior cost and profitability measurement systems (Stratton et.al 2009). This analysis clearly shows that the optimal method for KPC farm in costing is ABC and the flexible budgeting and variance analysis also will be effective by preparing in the ABC environment. The existing ABC literature has emphasized the difference in assignment of overhead under ABC and traditional costing for product costing purposes, and that product costs calculated under ABC provide a better basis for making pricing decisions (Mak and Roush 1998). Furthermore effective costing and budgeting in KPC farm could be possible by controlling the factors price variance, efficiency variance, budget variance and capacity variance. The variable activity cost could be controlled by analysing the price variance from the actual costs and flexible budget (actual quan tity) and analysing efficiency variance from flexible budget (standard quantity) and flexible budget (actual quantity). The variable fixed activity cost could be controlled by analysing the budget variance from the actual costs and budgeted activity spending and analysing capacity variance from budgeted activity usage and budgeted activity spending. Conclusion Over the past several years, consultants and practitioners have observed that activity based costing methods, which were developed to improve decision support and the accuracy of cost-and profit-measurement systems, are not yielding the desired results. The benefits of activity based costing include its use in making product decisions, such as pricing, design, and outsourcing. activity based costing is also useful for budgeting, performance evaluation, and planning. Customisation in the approach of ABC method and budgeting based on the firms nature could yield more positive results for the firms. References McLaney, E., and Atrill, P. 2008. Accounting an Introduction. FT Prentice Hall. Narong D. Activity-Based Costing and Management Solutions to Traditional Shortcomings of Cost Accounting. Cost Engineering [serial online]. August 2009;51(8):11-22. Available from: Business Source Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed February 28, 2010. STRATTON W, DESROCHES D, LAWSON R, HATCH T. Activity-Based Costing: Is It Still Relevant?. Management Accounting Quarterly [serial online]. Spring2009 2009;10(3):31-40. Available from: Business Source Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed February 28, 2010. Wen-Hsien Tsai, Jui-Ling Hsu Activity-Based Costing: a Case Study on a Taiwanese Hot Spring Country Inns Cost Calculations. 2008 Cokins G. Repairing the Budgeting Process. Financial Executive [serial online]. December 2008;24(10):45-49. Available from: Business Source Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed February 28, 2010. Mak Y, Roush M. Flexible Budgeting and Variance Analysis in an Activity-Based Costin g Environment. Accounting Horizons [serial online]. June 1994;8(2):93-103. Available from: Business Source Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed February 28, 2010. Gary Cokins 2008 Repairing the budgeting process

Essay on The Reality of Television - 4229 Words

The Reality of Television Through the years, many of us have watched as celebrity couples have come together and then grown apart before our very eyes. It has become part of the American culture to be informed of what almost every celebrity icon is doing, and who they are with at the moment. Couples that were once said to be invincible proved everybody wrong, and let the pressure of being famous take over their lives. Though some couples do stay together, most tend to fall under the pressure of the media and break up. Couples such as Kate Winslet and Jim Threapleton, Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman, and the famous Jennifer Lopez and Ben Affleck are good examples of relationships that have failed as a result of the media. Kate Winslet†¦show more content†¦Although many celebrities are usually with someone who is just a famous, sometimes there are exceptions. For instance, when Jennifer Lopez dated one of her backup dancers, the divorce papers said that the media was too much to handle for the husband. So the marriage was broken. Proving that sometimes, fame is too much to handle, even for love. Though a lot of celebrity couples do not last there are always the exceptions to the rule. For example, Jennifer Aniston and Brad Pitt, Catherine Zeta-Jones and Michael Douglas, and Courtney Cox and David Arquette have proved the media wrong. All of these couples have been together for three years or more and are still going strong. These couples have learned what is important to them and what needs to be done for a relationship to make it last. Though some may disagree with what has been said, I believe that it makes perfect sense. If a couple has media around them all the time and are always having to worry about what people are saying or what newspaper articles are writing it could drive a person crazy. I believe that celebrities need to figure out what they want before they rush into a commitment that may not last longer than two weeks. Real Love Exists, Just Not on T.V. In today’s media driven society, the impacts that radio and television have on people and their daily lives are tremendous. People are attracted to these forms of media because they are entertaining, however, inShow MoreRelatedThe Reality Of Reality Television936 Words   |  4 PagesThe reality show phenomenon Have you ever wondered what attracts millions of Americans each week to watch this cultural phenomenon know as reality television? It first started in 1948 when Allen Funt created a TV series called Candid Camera, this is the first known reality television show series. â€Å"Reality television episodes have increased up to 57% of all television shows that can be found on your TV guides† (Shocking). 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Sidney Defends The Worth Of Poetry - 2624 Words

Sidney defends the worth of poetry by presenting us with a long defense written to William Ponsonby, a very popular publisher of the Elizabethan era. Sidney breaks his argument down into eight sections, each one arguing another point as to why poetry is worthy and should not be thought of as sub-par literature. His arguments are thorough, leaving no gaps between thoughts, and very persuasive in both content and style. I believe his argument is both successful and thorough, covering everything that has been critiqued about poesy in the ages before this work was written. Sidney opens with the first section called the Exordium in lines 1-50. It is significant to note that it was printed several years after his death, communicating the aristocratic air we get from him, manliness, courtier, advisor, masculine roles that Sidney is hinting at comparing himself to a horse master. The introduction here of his argument is lighthearted and funny, â€Å"if I had not been a piece of a logician before I came to him I think he would have persuaded me to have wished myself a horse† (27-30). This show of establishing his own good character through Ethos, pathos the applying to peoples emotions as well as William Ponsonby’s emotions, as this is whom the argument is addressed to. Sidney’s thesis is visible in lines 43-51 where he says that he will bring forth the evidence to prove that poetry is a worthy literary medium and that without poetry we do not have history or philosophy. The secondShow MoreRelated Apology for Poetry Essay1900 Words   |  8 PagesAn â€Å"Apology for Poetry† is a compelling essay refuting the attack on poetry by Puritan and fundamentalist Stephen Gosson. This complex article written by Sir Phillip Sidney represents the decisive rebuttal defending poetry. His strong emotive passages defend the uncongenial comments of poetry from Gosson. Although, his justification for the rebuttal is alluded to Gosson’s durable attacks on poetry; it is known Gosson’s remarks prompt Sidney’s attitude to defend not only against Gosson but as wellRead MoreDeclaration of Independence9744 Words   |  39 Pageshis reading draft of the Declaration, Jefferson systematically analyzed the patterns of accentuation in a wide range of English writers, including Milton, Pope, Shakespeare, Addison, Gray, and Garth. Although Thoughts on English Prosody deals with poetry, it displays Jeffersons keen sense of the interplay between sound a nd sense in language. There can be little doubt that, like many accomplished writers, he consciously composed for the ear as well as for the eye--a trait that is nowhere better illustratedRead MorePeculiarities of Euphemisms in English and Difficulties in Their Translation19488 Words   |  78 Pagesreasons for its use. Here is that classification. The desire to adapt oneself to the general sentiment suitable to, or the general atmosphere of, the time, the place, the company. In an elevated form: anxiety to preserve a lofty or a beautiful style in poetry, oratory, etc., where unseemly trivial words or metaphors would jar on one. In addressing children, or in lowly or very friendly circles: avoidance of medical (or otherwise technical) or literary words by the employment of euphemistic terms; in addressingRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagestheorists to codify and systematize their beliefs, there is a lack of systemic treatment of the Rastas point of view on any subject. This is particularly true of their treatment of Babylon. However, in their limited writings and particularly in their poetry and reggae lyrics, their evocative images address various aspects of Babylonian reality. Rastas can recite almost ad inï ¬ nitum the historical atrocities of Babylon, from its days as a Middle Eastern world power to its contemporary Euro-American

Australia’s Genocide Tasmanian History †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Australias Genocide Tasmanian History. Answer: The thesis of this essay mainly debates about Australias genocide and gives an insight about it. It basically talks about the Tasmanian history and the question that the writer proposes through this is whether the treatment that happened with Tasmanian history all through the British colonization that has constituted genocide (Taylor, 2013). This book shows the murdering stream of the world. The British colonization almost destroyed all the indigenous organization and it widely shows the conflict between them. Henry Reynolds have acknowledged this and brought out the topic to the people. However there are debates that whether the genocide was done intentionally, though many genocide scholars believe that this genocide was a condign judgment. The writer in his book gives a fact which seeks to again write about their nations foundation. This war took place on the Australian soil. British declared this war for the first time. The first Tasmanian were extremely driven and committed about their ancestral land that none of the obstacles could have stopped their determination. The thesis of Tasmanian genocide has been presented as the history of wars. The genocide is termed as a political notion by misinterpreting the understanding of history. Reynolds has written about this forgotten war with a straightforward remark. Reynolds spoke about the injustice that happened with Aboriginal tribes in Tasmania and however the attitude in Tasmania remained unaffected. Reynolds remarks that there are about 5000 memorials all over Australia in order to remember soldiers who fought in this war (Pihama, 2014). Another key point is that Reynolds mentions that around 5000 settler got killed on this war. Even though all of them were not soldier s like the indigenous warriors who fought as an alternative to guerilla strategy and horror, who attacked several houses and killed families in respect to their own benefits . The Black Wars which took place in Tasmania has an agenda, they were fighting for Australia. In 1835, the population of Aboriginals has vastly reduced due to this war (Lawson, 2014). Aborigines also fought back gradually. Reynolds also mentions that the historical explanation actually differs from the actual reasoning in order to determinate the incidence of genocide. Genocides are an outcome which is based on the assessment of those times. In the further investigation the policy of the colonial government has been shown, that how it was a necessity to examine the steps that has been taken further. The ghost of genocide should be confronted and Reynolds did a just in his book (Docker, 2015). References Docker, J. (2015). A plethora of intentions: genocide, settler colonialism and historical consciousness in Australia and Britain.The International Journal of Human Rights,19(1), 74-89. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13642987.2014.987952 Lawson, T. (2014).The last man: A British genocide in Tasmania. IB Tauris. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=eJykAgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Lawson,+T.+(2014).+The+last+man:+A+British+genocide+in+Tasmania.+IB+Tauris.ots=uKAyO-fOhYsig=N48xNCS5peMPVOvewXw4wd77EyUredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Pihama, L., Reynolds, P., Smith, C., Reid, J., Smith, L. T., Nana, R. T. (2014). Positioning historical trauma theory within Aotearoa New Zealand.AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples,10(3), 248-262. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/117718011401000304 Taylor, R. (2013). Genocide, Extinction and Aboriginal Self?determination in Tasmanian Historiography.History Compass,11(6), 405-418. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hic3.12062/full

Causes Of The Showa Restoration Essays (3763 words) -

Causes of the Showa Restoration Sonno joi, "Restore the Emperor and expel the Barbarians," was the battle cry that ushered in the Showa Restoration in Japan during the 1930's.Footnote1 The Showa Restoration was a combination of Japanese nationalism, Japanese expansionism, and Japanese militarism all carried out in the name of the Showa Emperor, Hirohito. Unlike the Meiji Restoration, the Showa Restoration was not a resurrection of the Emperor's powerFootnote2, instead it was aimed at restoring Japan's prestige. During the 1920's, Japan appeared to be developing a democratic and peaceful government. It had a quasi-democratic governmental body, the Diet,Footnote3 and voting rights were extended to all male citizens.Footnote4 Yet, underneath this seemingly placid surface, lurked momentous problems that lead to the Showa Restoration. The transition that Japan made from its parliamentary government of the 1920's to the Showa Restoration and military dictatorship of the late 1930s was not a sudden transformation. Liberal forces were not toppled by a coup overnight. Instead, it was gradual, feed by a complex combination of internal and external factors. The history that links the constitutional settlement of 1889 to the Showa Restoration in the 1930s is not an easy story to relate. The transformation in Japan's governmental structure involved; the historical period between 1868 and 1912 that preceded the Showa Restoration. This period of democratic reforms was an underlying cause of the militarist reaction that lead to the Showa Restoration. The transformation was also feed by several immediate causes; such as, the downturn in the global economy in 1929Footnote5 and the invasion of Manchuria in 1931.Footnote6 It was the convergence of these external, internal, underlying and immediate causes that lead to the military dictatorship in the 1930's. The historical period before the Showa Restoration, 1868-1912, shaped the political climate in which Japan could transform itself from a democracy to a militaristic state. This period is known as the Meiji Restoration.Footnote7 The Meiji Restoration of 1868 completely dismantled the Tokugawa political order and replaced it with a centralized system of government headed by the Emperor who served as a figure head.Footnote8 However, the Emperor instead of being a source of power for the Meiji Government, became its undoing. The Emperor was placed in the mystic position of demi-god by the leaders of the Meiji Restoration. Parliamentarians justified the new quasi-democratic government of Japan, as being the "Emperor's Will." The ultra-nationalist and militaristic groups took advantage of the Emperor's status and claimed to speak for the Emperor.Footnote9 These then groups turned the tables on the parliamentarians by claiming that they, not the civil government, represented the "Imperial Will." The parliamentarians, confronted with this perversion of their own policy, failed to unite against the militarists and nationalists. Instead, the parliamentarians compromised with the nationalists and militarists groups and the general populace took the nationalists' claims of devotion to the Emperor at face value, further bolstering the popularity of the nationalists.Footnote10 The theory of "Imperial Will" in Japan's quasi-democratic government became an underlying flaw in the government's democratic composition. It was also during the Meiji Restoration that the Japanese economy began to build up its industrial base. It retooled, basing itself on the western model. The Japanese government sent out investigators to learn the ways of European and American industries.Footnote11 In 1889, the Japanese government adopted a constitution based on the British and German models of parliamentary democracy. During this same period, railroads were constructed, a banking system was started and the samurai system was disbanded.Footnote12 Indeed, it seemed as if Japan had successfully made the transition to a western style industrialized state. Almost every other non-western state failed to make this leap forward from pre-industrial nation to industrialized power. For example, China failed to make this leap. It collapsed during the 1840s and the European powers followed by Japan, sought to control China by expropriating its raw materials and exploiting its markets. By 1889, when the Japanese ConstitutionFootnote13 was adopted, Japan, with a few minor setbacks, had been able to make the transition to a world power through its expansion of colonial holdings.Footnote14 During the first World War, Japan's economy and colonial holdings continued to expand as the western powers were forced to focus on the war raging in Europe. During the period 1912-1926, the

Role of the Sexes essays

Role of the Sexes essays The submissive role of the female in a marriage or relationship is a common problem in many societies, including our own American society. This role has become so common that in fact it is now expected of the female. This male dominance goes as far back as the human race, to the beginning of relationships and marriage between the female and the male. Then, the physical prowess of the male led to his dominance in all situations and thus formed these roles. Even presently, with all our advances in equal rights and womens advances in the work fields, this role of submission and passivity is still present among our society. Why do women accept this role? Why hasnt it banished with the right to vote and her expansion into the male-dominated workplace? These roles are inbred into our society. The men are raised to lead and take charge. Women, on the other hand, are taught that their place is to keep peace, and in most scenarios that means conforming. There are many reasons women accept or allow this role. For many women, they find safety in allowing the male to dominate the relationship. The submissive role is familiar or so expected that the women fear changing the situation. Many authors illustrate this role of the sexes and portray some reasons and situations that are common in our society, such as Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette, in her story The Hand, and James Joyce, in Eveline. These two authors both, even though each describes a woman in a very different, yet remarkably similar, situation, discuss one of the major reasons women succumb to males. Colette was a significant feminist in the early 1900s when the womens right movement was in full swing. She fought for equal opportunities for women and proved it was possible when she was the first woman to be admitted to the Goncourt Academy. As a novelist, she used her writing to illustrate the assumed roles society has developed. The C...

A Vivid Rememberance of my chilhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Vivid Rememberance of my chilhood - Essay Example Starting school is a big step in a child’s life and is typically remembered and taken to adulthood. I can vividly recall my first day of school. My first day of school was an apprehensive and sad time in my life. Growing up in Ecuador, I was close with my mother and enjoyed being at home. Starting school was a big event for me sense I was very shy. Being shy makes starting school harder than it should be sense it is harder to make friends and socialize. A typical day at school for me was a lonely day. I was very opposite then my sister. My sister was outgoing and easily made friends. Unlike her, I struggled with friends. My shyness made it hard for me to make friends as I kept to myself. I can recall an exact memory as I was sitting in the classroom just before recess. My school was named Santa Mariana de Jesus. The school was a great school that taught discipline but allowed for fun. Recess was at the same time every day. Other kids could not wait for recess to begin but I dr eaded the thought. To me it made the day go by even slower. As the recess bell rang, children rushed outside with excitement. I walked slowly and sat off to the side alone and by myself. This was an everyday thing. My shyness pushed other kids away. Besides recess, almost every aspect of school was just as dreadful as the next.

Towards a Democratic Bill of Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Towards a Democratic Bill of Rights - Essay Example According to the essay "Towards a Democratic Bill of Rights" findings dialogue model adopts means of human rights protection, but, it also avoids forms of rights based on the judicial review. This is because; it involves the implementation of a bill of rights which can only be applied by courts. In addition Parliament’s legislative power is also preserved. Alternatively, there is an effective way in the implementation of the bill of rights by applying a democratic model called, Democratic bill of rights (Barry, 2011, p. 78). This model is dependent on political review and democratic processes in the protection and protection of the human rights. Statutory bill of the Democratic bill of rights is developed and recognized through a democratic process. This is to warrants protection of the views of Australian people. The bill of rights will be non-judicial. Relevant to the article to democracy and liberalism, the Australian constitution, federalism or the legislature In Australia , the constitution and the legislature play significant roles in the protection and promotion of the human rights. These human rights are found in the constitution, the common laws and the legislature of Australia. The constitutions offer little support in the protection and promotion of human rights. The parliamentary democracy that exists in Australia is under control by the constitution (Karvelas, 2012). Implementation of the bill of rights through dialogue model hinders democracy, because, courts are responsible for the application of the bill of rights.

Robert Frost And Nature Themes

Robert Frost And Nature Themes Robert Frost was one of the few leading poets of the 20th-century and won the Pulitzer Prize four times. Frost was a poet from rural New England, but his poems could be related to any part of the world. After college Robert Frost moved to England and published a few poems while there. He closely observed rural life and in his poetry endowed it with universal, even metaphysical, meaning, using colloquial language, familiar rhythms, and common symbols to express both its pastoral ideals and its dark complexities (Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 1). Nature is an everyday detail that people infrequently take time to appreciate and sometimes take it for granted; its what makes the world beautiful. In several of Robert Frosts poems like The Road Not Taken, Fire and Ice, and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening they reflect nature, he recognizes the beauty and disaster of it. In the poem The Road Not Taken nature comes into play when Robert Frost introduces to the reader to a traveler that comes to a sudden halt at the site of a crossroad in yellow woods. The traveler of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken is left to think about which path to travel on. Robert P. Ellis states On more than one occasion the poet claimed that this poem was about his friend Edward Thomas, a man inclined to indecisiveness out of a strong-and, as Frost thought, amusing-habit of dwelling on the irrevocability of decisions. After cautiously looking at of both routes, the traveler comes to the conclusion that both paths present a more interesting venture ahead. The traveler tells the reader that the woods are yellow which mean it could possibly be autumn. And looked down one as far as I could/To where it bent in the undergrowth (lines 4-5), this could mean the wood are thick and the road disappears in the undergrowth. The undergrowth would represent the travelers future that is uncle ar by which road he takes. Of the two means of travel, the traveler states that the passing there/Had worn them really about the same (lines 9-10) and both that morning equally lay/ In leaves no step had trodden black (11-12). There is a contradiction that one path is less worn than the other. These lines show us that the leaves have just fallen, and they cover which path was more or less traveled the day before. This line points out that there are times when you cant decide which decision is better. Without a clear solution to the problem, the character is left to think of any future consequences that could occur based on a decision of taken. As a result, the character comes to terms that the final destination is based only by chance and choice, but there are some regrets out the certain rode taken. Frosts work shows the general uncertainty of supposing a different result if another road was taken. The title suggests this feeling of doubt, where the road not taken is mentioned with greater standard than the actual course of travel. Missing the chance to travel both/ And be one traveler (2-3), one path must function as the chosen way and the other the other way, both with no indication of which is the better to travel. As a result, once the picked road is traveled, the other way holds a lingering reminder of what may have been lost just by chance. After a predictable self-evaluation of the travelers life, trying to figure out if he took full advantage of the available opportunities perceived as a frightening challenge for there will always be an ambiguity lingering around the other path. The traveler uneasily comes to terms with reality, and eventually determines the pointlessness on matters of the imagination. So, with a sigh (16), the traveler states that he took advantage of t he opportunities as they were given to him. Taking the chosen path has made all the difference (20). The decision determined the travelers overall course in life to the result that the other road couldve pointed the speaker to go in the complete opposite direction of his destination. This was the first Robert Frost poem I have ever read. The first time I read it I could easily relate to it. I do believe that this is one poem where anyone that reads it will be able to relate to it. I have been met with numerous decisions in like that are life changing. From which college I wanted to go to, to what major I want to study, and to fall or not to fall to peer pressure. All together, I enjoyed reading this poem. I like how Robert Frost compares a fork in the road to everyday life decisions we make. In the poem Fire and Ice Robert Frost compares two elements of nature fire and ice. Fire and Ice is straightforward in its message that emotions become destructive when they are too extreme, destructive enough even to end the world (Explanation of: Fire and Ice by Robert Frost). In the first two lines Some say the world will end in fire/Some say in ice (Lines1-2) the poem he presents the option to end of the world by fire or ice. He then talks about fire in the next two lines and compares fire to desire From what Ive tasted of desire/ I hold with those who favor fire (3-4). The comparison states that Frost sees desire as something that takes over and brings devastation. In the next stanza Frost then compares ice to hate. This comparison relates to the reader a view of hate as something that causes people to be unyielding, lifeless and cold. Ice also has the tendency to take in things and cause them to crack and break. The final line of the poem asserts that these two vicious forces a re evenly great. Fire consumes and destroys quickly, leaving ashes. In The overview Explanation of: Fire and Ice by Robert Frost it talk about how two opposites like fire and ice or passion and hatred can easily be linked together. While ice or hatred, destroys much slower. It causes objects to become so lifeless that they crack from the pressure created. Frost imagines that the end of the world could be caused by people becoming too strict, lifeless, and set in their way of life and beliefs that the world breaks apart into pieces. Stopping by Woods is a much stranger poem than may appear at first. From the opening lines, we know that the story is being told from the speakers point of view (Whose woods these are I think I know), but we may never bother to consider whom the man is addressing.(Monte). Robert Frosts love of nature is expressed through out the poem with the setting. His perfect description of the woods brings clear images to the readers head. The woods are lovely, dark and deep (line 13) the way Frost describes the wood would make the reader seem like they were there. The feel of Robert Frosts Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening is set by the only other sounds the sweep / of easy wind and downy flake (11-12). The first line in the poem talks about the woods. In the poem Frost says that the narrator enjoyed sitting and watching the snow and that he is also a nature lover. In the second stanza Frost refers back to the woods. The depth and darkness of the woods make the woods gloomier. The snow elimi nates the limits and boundaries of things and of his own being is, the function here of some secret desire toward destruction. The setting of the poem is in the woods. John T. Ogilvie explains the peace of the woods by stating The artfulness of Stopping by Woods consists in the way the two worlds are established and balanced. The poet is aware that the woods by which he is stopping belong to someone in the village; they are owned by the world of men. The traveler sees something in the woods that attracts him making the woods a special place. It appears that speaker has connected the woods with his paradise. The tranquility, dimness, and silence are what make it paradise. The traveler knows that he is not able stay put in this paradise, But I have promises to keep/And miles to go before I sleep (14-15).The traveler doesnt want to leave the peaceful woods, but he has made other promises that he must keep. Frost repeats the last two lines and miles to go before I sleep (15-16), this co uld stress the importance of this promise that was made, and to give the traveler a reason to leave. Further, Frost repeated the last two lines of the poem partially as a matter of form: What it [the repetend or repeated lines] does is save me from a third line promising another stanza . . . . I considered for a moment four of a kind in the last stanza but that would have made five including the third in the stanza before it. I considered for a moment winding up with a three line stanza. The repetend was the only logical way to end such a poem. (Hochman) Nature has its own way of relaxing the mind and body. Frost may have believed the same. Frosts use of colorful imagery helps other readers appreciate the serenity of nature. Stopping by Woods is an excellent poem uses symbolism and setting perfectly. I enjoyed this poem and I also like the meaning. This poem is telling you to stop and smell the roses and enjoys life. During winter is a time when most people are lone in solitude. Being isolated can be miserable, but it could all so be a time to collect thoughts without any annoyance of the outside world coming down on you. Nature is something that can bring about personal reflection in anyone. In many of Robert Frosts poems he tends to reflect on nature, and he recognizes the beauty and disaster of it.Robert Frost is an amazing poet. His ideas and the way he uses nature are perfect and are valued by many. Frost uses nature to put across his views as well as to make his poetry more interesting than it already is. His poems make it easy to imagine the setting in your mind through the detail he provides.

Computers and The Increase of Labor and Wage Inequality in The 1980’s :: History Technology Essays

Computers and The Increase of Labor and Wage Inequality in The 1980’s Although computer technology dates back to at least the 1940’s, microprocessors were first introduced on a wide scale in manufacturing in the 1970’s. It has been noted that mainframe computers started to be used in business in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s. Computers have seemed to grow more rapidly ever since the Apple II was born in 1977 and the IBM PC in 1981. PC (personal computers) spread rapidly in the 80’s and 90’s and have been upgrading ever since. It has been said that during this increase in popularity and use of computers the labor inequality and wage difference has been increasing as well. Throughout this paper we will discuss reasons why computers are to blame and why computers have had nothing to do with economic increase of skilled educated workers and a decrease in need for unskilled and uneducated workers. Increase in the growth rate of the demand of more skilled workers due to the pace of the technological work from 1970 to the present has been one of the arguments against computers causing inequality. From the 1970’s the pace of work has been faster, the work load has been greater because demand has gone up, and many jobs have become more difficult to learn. There are no longer mills where education and much knowledge was needed to get the job done. Work has gotten much more involved and complex. The employment of high school drop outs have fallen from 64.4% in 1940 to 9.8% in 1996, and the employment of college graduates have risen from 9.3% to 41.6%. Although computers have been around that whole time there is no way they caused a 54.6% decrease in the employment of high school drop outs. It has also been said that there has been an expansion slowdown from what the country was used to in the beginning half of this century from the 1970’s, so this has allowed companies to pay one educated worker rather than paying two of three uneducated workers that did the same job. Over the years unions have also began to disappear causing some of those unskilled workers how were once protected by contracts to a given union to become no longer demanded. Many of those unskilled workers who escaped being unneeded have noticed a dramatic pay decrease. Many people might think, â€Å"What are you talking about, in the 1940’s they were making like five to ten dollars a day.

Another Accolade for Charter Arms Corp by Mike Royko

Laurence Bourgeois A00161609 March 12th, 2013 Analysis Essay In his essay â€Å"Another Accolade for Charter Arms Corp. â€Å", Mike Royko focuses not on John Lennon’s death, but on the type of gun that was used to kill him. He argues that the model of a gun makes a great deal of difference when killing someone. By ignoring the shooting of the celebrity, Royko uses irony to show how idiotic the debate on the gun is. He commences his essay by asking the readers â€Å"what difference does it make what kind of gun was used  ? and answers by saying that it indeed makes a great deal of difference. At this point, we know the author’s rhetorical strategy will consist on focusing on anything but the death of the famous musician. As mentionned before, Royko uses a lot of irony in his essay as a way of showing the readers how ludicrous the gun debate really is. Per example, in the beginning of his essay, Royko says  : â€Å"And when people become emotional about guns, as many do when somebody famous is killed, they tend to lump all guns together.They don’t show proper respect for an excellent gun, such as the Charter . 38. † By saying that this type of gun deserves respect, despite what it did to the famous superstar, the author is clearly trying to show no empathy for Lennon as a form of rhetorical strategy. Later on, he proceeds by saying  : â€Å"Now the Charter Arms Corp. has the unique distinction of having two famous people shot by one of their products, I wonder if they have considered using it in their advertising. Here, he takes his irony to another level by assuming the death of a celebrity should be something the company should be proud of and that advertising it would lead the customers to purchase the weapon. Using irony for this type of subject was a brilliant idea, but in this essay, Royko uses too much of it. Secondly, Mike Royko uses the model of the gun as an argument of his irony. He also constantly talks about the importance of the quality of the weapon.Per example, he mentions the incident that happened on network TV, where a reporter from CBS says that the gun used to shoot George C. Wallace was a â€Å"cheap handgun† and goes on by explaining how this was quite an insult for Charter Arms Corp. The author also talks about the fact that both shooters, Bremer and Wallace used the same gun to wound their victim and that the weapon did a good job. In another sample of his irony, Royko adresses Charter Arms Corp by saying  : â€Å"Once again, your product really did the job, gents. â€Å"To conclude, Mike Royko’s essay is initially an ironic piece of work written to make the readers realize that the main focus of a tragedy should be the victim, not minor details such as the weapon used to harm the person. In my opinion, this essay is a fine piece of work, but the author emphasizes too much on irony in a way that it shadows what the essay is actually about. Work Cited Royko, Mi ke. â€Å"Another Accolade for Charter Arms Corp. † The Broadview Anthology. 2nd ed. Ed. Laura Buzzard, Peterborough  : Broadview, 2011. 221-4.

Alexander Fleming The History of Penicillin

From the Greek—anti, meaning against and bios, meaning life, an antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by one organism that is destructive to another. The word antibiotic comes from antibiosis, a term coined in 1889 by a pupil of  Louis Pasteurs  named Paul Vuillemin to who used it to define a process by which life could be used to destroy life. Antibiotics are natural substances that are released by bacteria and fungi into their environment, as a means of inhibiting other organisms. You can think of it as is chemical warfare on a microscopic scale. Sir Alexander Fleming Penicillin is one of the earliest discovered and most widely used antibiotic agents. While Sir Alexander Fleming is credited with its discovery, it was French medical student Ernest Duchesne who first took note of the bacteria in 1896. Flemings more famous observations would not be made until more than two decades later. Fleming, a trained bacteriologist, was working St. Marys Hospital in London when in 1928, he observed a plate culture of Staphylococcus that had been contaminated by a blue-green mold. On closer inspection, he noted that the colonies of bacteria adjacent to the mold were being dissolved. Curious, Fleming decided to grow the mold in pure culture, from which he was able to see that colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus were being destroyed by the mold Penicillium notatum, proving, in principle at least, the existence of an antibacterial agent. Fleming named the substance penicillin and published his findings in 1929, noting that his discovery might someday have therapeutic value if it could be produced in quantity, however, it would be years before Flemings findings would be put into practical, widespread use. British Research Continues In 1930, Dr. Cecil George Paine, a  pathologist  at the  Royal Infirmary  in  Sheffield, began experimenting with penicillin for the treatment of infant patients suffering neonatal infections (and later with adults suffering eye infections). After an inauspicious start, he successfully cured his first patient on November 25, 1930, however with only a mild success rate, Dr. Paines efforts with penicillin were limited to a handful of patients. In 1939, led by Australian scientist  Howard Florey, the work of a team of penicillin researchers at Oxford University’s Sir William Dunn School of Pathology that included Ernst Boris Chain,  Edward Abraham,  Arthur Duncan Gardner,  Norman Heatley,  Margaret Jennings, J. Orr-Ewing, and G. Sanders was beginning to show great promise.  By the following year, the team was able to demonstrate penicillins ability to kill infectious bacteria in mice. By 1940, theyd come up with a method for mass-producing penicillin but unfortunately, the output failed to meet expectations. In 1941, the team began a clinical trial with their first human patient, a policeman named  Albert Alexander who was suffering from a severe facial infection. Initially, Alexander’s condition improved but when supplies of penicillin ran out he succumbed to the infection. While subsequent patients were treated successfully, synthesizing the drug in sufficient quantity remained a stumbling block. Key Research Shifts to the United States With the increasing demands of World War II putting a huge drain on Great Britains industrial and governmental resources, the British scientists did not have the means to continue clinical trials on humans at Oxford. Dr. Florey and his colleagues turned to the United States for help and were quickly referred to the Northern Regional Laboratory in Peoria, Illinois, where American scientists were already working on fermentation methods to increase the growth rate of fungal cultures. On July 9, 1941, Dr. Florey and Dr. Norman Heatley came to the United States bearing a vital package containing a small amount of penicillin to begin work. By pumping air into deep vats containing corn steep liquor (a non-alcoholic by-product of the wet milling process) combined with other key ingredients, researchers were able to induce faster penicillin growth than with any previous methods. Ironically, after a worldwide search, it was a modified strain of penicillin that came from a moldy cantaloupe in a Peoria market produced the largest amount of penicillin when grown in submerged deep-vat conditions. By November 26, 1941, Andrew J. Moyer, Peoria Labs expert on the nutrition of molds, had succeeded, with the assistance of Dr. Heatley, in a tenfold increase in the yield of penicillin. After clinical trials were performed in 1943, penicillin was shown to be the most effective antibacterial agent to date. Mass Production the Legacy of Penicillin Meanwhile, simultaneous research being conducted a Pfizer Labs in Brooklyn, New York, helmed by Jasper H. Kane, led to a more practical fermentation  method for the mass production of pharmaceutical-grade penicillin. By the time Allied forces hit the beaches on D-Day on June 6, 1944, there was an ample supply of the drug to treat the numerous casualties. Another benefit to mass production was the decrease in cost. Penicillin prices fell from a prohibitively expensive rate in 1940 to $20 per dose in July 1943 to $0.55 per dose by 1946. The 1945 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, and Sir Howard Walter Florey for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases. Dr. Andrew J. Moyer from the Peoria Lab was inducted into the Inventors Hall of Fame and both the British and Peoria Laboratories were designated as International Historic Chemical Landmarks. On May 25, 1948, Dr. Moyer was granted a patent for a method of the mass production of penicillin. A Timeline of Antibiotics Ancient History—The ancient Egyptians, Chinese, and indigenous tribes of Central America all used various forms of mold to treat infected wounds.Late 1800s–The search for antibiotics begins in the late 1800s with the growing acceptance of the  germ theory of disease that linked bacteria and other microbes to the causation of a variety of ailments.1871—The surgeon  Joseph  Lister  begins research into a phenomenon indicating that urine contaminated with mold inhibited the growth of bacteria.1890s—German doctors Rudolf Emmerich and Oscar Low are the first to make an effective medication from microbes. While their drug, known as pyocyanase, was the first antibiotic to be used in hospitals, it did not have an effective cure rate.1928—Sir Alexander Fleming  observes that colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus could be destroyed by the mold Penicillium  notatum, demonstrating the principle of antibiotics.1935—Prontosil, the fir st sulfa drug, is discovered in 1935 by German chemist Gerhard Domagk.1942—Howard Florey and Ernst Chain invent a viable manufacturing process for  Penicillin G Procaine, which can now be sold as a drug.1943—Using microbes culled from soil bacteria, American  microbiologist  Selman Waksman invents streptomycin, the first of a new class of drugs called aminoglycosides that could be used to treat tuberculosis and other infections, however, the side effects of early-stage drugs often outweigh their curative value.1945—Using advanced X-ray crystallography, Oxford University scientist Dr. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin defines the molecular layout of penicillin, confirming its structure as previously hypothesized and leading to enhanced development of other antibiotics and biomolecular substances, including vitamin B12.1947—Four years after mass production of penicillin begins, resistant microbes appear, including Staphylococcus aureus. Usually harmless in hum ans, if allowed to flourish unchecked, Staphylococcus aureus produces toxins that result in illnesses including pneumonia or toxic shock syndrome.1955—Lloyd Conover receives a patent for Tetracyclin. It soon becomes the most prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotic in the United States.1957—Nystatin, used to cure many disfiguring and disabling fungal infections, is patented.1981—SmithKline Beecham patents a semisynthetic antibiotic called Amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium. The antibiotic debuts in 1998 under the tradenames of Amoxicillin, Amoxil, and Trimox.